Because most plants rely on animals for pollination, insights from animal sensory ecology
and behavior are essential for understanding the evolution of flowers. In this review, we …

Background Floral nectar is an important determinant of plant–pollinator interactions and an
integral component of pollination syndromes, suggesting it is under pollinator-mediated …

Determining whether seed production is pollen limited has been an area of intensive
empirical study over the last two decades. Yet current evidence does not allow satisfactory …

Phenotypic plasticity is considered the major means by which plants cope with
environmental heterogeneity. Although ubiquitous in nature, actual phenotypic plasticity is …

▪ Abstract Quantifying the extent to which seed production is limited by the availability of
pollen has been an area of intensive empirical study over the past few decades. Whereas …

Destruction and fragmentation of natural habitats is the major reason for the decreasing
biodiversity in the agricultural landscape. Loss of populations may negatively affect biotic …

▪ Abstract Recent theoretical studies suggest that the ability to tolerate consumer damage
can be an important adaptive response by plants to selection imposed by consumers …

▪ Abstract Ecologists and evolutionary biologists are broadly interested in how the
interactions among organisms influence their abundance, distribution, phenotypes, and …

Pollination and herbivory are both key drivers of plant diversity but are traditionally studied in
isolation from each other. We investigated real-time evolutionary changes in plant traits over …

Tolerance and resistance are two different plant defense strategies against herbivores.
Empirical evidence in natural populations reveals that individual plants allocate resources …