Over the past two decades, there has been increasing evidence for the importance of rapid-
onset actions of corticosteroid hormones in the brain. Here, we highlight the distinct rapid …

The steroid hormone cortisol is released in response to stress and exerts its effects in the
brain via two different receptors: the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and the glucocorticoid …

Understanding the impact of stress on cognitive processes, particularly decision-making, is
crucial as it underpins behaviors essential for survival. However, research in this domain …

Brain mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) mediate effects of glucocorticoid hormones in stress
adaptation, as well as the effects of aldosterone itself in relation to salt homeostasis. Brain …

Introduction Many studies have investigated the influence of stress on decision-making.
However, results are equivocal and the exact role of increased noradrenaline and cortisol …

Stress induces a shift from hippocampus-dependent “cognitive” toward dorsal striatum-
dependent “habit” memory. However, not all individuals are susceptible to this shift under …

High levels of aldosterone appear to be related to depressive and anxiety related behavior
as demonstrated in therapy refractory depression and primary aldosteronism (PA). We …

Stress is a normal response to situational pressures or demands. Exposure to stress
activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and leads to the release of …

Adaptive performance in uncertain environments depends on the ability to continuously
update internal beliefs about environmental states. Recent correlative evidence suggests …

The hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA axis) and the sympathetic–adrenal–
medullary system (SAM system), two neuroendocrine systems associated with the stress …