Population growth has presented several challenges in terms of energy, food supply, and
environmental protection. The agricultural industry plays a crucial role in addressing these …

Lettuce is one of the most important crops of plant factories with artificial lighting (PFALs)
due to their small size, fast growth rate, low energy demand and high marketing value. High …

The decreased quality of leafy vegetables and tipburn caused by inappropriate light intensity
are serious problems faced in plant factories, greatly reducing the economic benefits. The …

In the perspective of return to nature, using scientific and technical progress for improved
living standards, people began to search for solutions to alleviate environmental pollution …

Hydroponic fodder production in controlled environment (CE) settings have gained more
focus in recent years due to the shortage of agricultural land for food production and the …

It is well− established that plants are sessile and photoautotrophic organisms that rely on
light throughout their entire life cycle. Light quality (spectral composition) is especially …

When attempting to maximize the crop yield from field-grown soybean (Glycine max (L.)
Merr.) by means of improving the light conditions for photosynthesis in the canopy, it is …

Agrivoltaic systems (AV) combine agricultural activities with the production of electricity from
photovoltaic (PV) panels on the same land area. The concept of AV systems was introduced …

The three-dimensional nature of agrophotovoltaic systems (APV) accounts for the needs of
photovoltaic power generation and agricultural production. The combination can solve …

Light is crucial for higher plants, driving photosynthesis and serving as a powerful sensory
signal that profoundly modulates growth, development, physiological functions, hormone …