The deep ocean, Earth's untouched expanse, presents immense challenges for exploration
due to its extreme pressure, temperature, and darkness. Unlike traditional marine robots that …

The energy transition challenges faced by modern civilization have significantly enhanced
the demand for critical metals like lithium resulting in improved methods to explore, extract …

The monitoring of currents in the abyssal ocean is an essential foundation of deep-sea
research. The state-of-the-art current meter has limitations such as the requirement of a …

Ocean mining activities have been ongoing for nearly 70 years, making great contributions
to industrialization. Given the increasing demand for energy, along with the restructuring of …

Fluid mechanics lies at the heart of many of the physical processes associated with the
nascent deep-sea mining industry. The evolution and fate of sediment plumes that would be …

Marine contains rich natural ore resources with significant development prospects and
strategic value significance, and marine metal resource mining is critical in ocean …

The chemistry of Fe and Mn in natural geochemical systems are closely coupled, as Fe and
Mn always co-exist in various forms (eg, hydrated ions, soluble complexes, and particles) in …

Background Ferromanganese nodule-bearing deep-sea sediments cover vast areas of the
ocean floor, representing a distinctive habitat in the abyss. These sediments harbor unique …

Ferromanganese nodules are huge metal resources and windows into Earth processes,
being widely distributed in vast deep-sea basins covered by sediments. Co-rich …

Despite their small individual size, marine prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes can form
large 3D structures and complex habitats. These habitats contribute to seafloor …