Humans use punishment to promote cooperation in laboratory experiments but evidence
that punishment plays a similar role in non-human animals is comparatively rare. In this …

Brain evolution has often been correlated with the cognitive demands of social life. Further
progress depends on our ability to link cognitive processes to corresponding brain part sizes …

The scientific study of networks-computer, social, and biological-has received an enormous
amount of interest in recent years. However, the network approach has been applied to the …

Highlights•Indirect connections are heritable and predictors of fitness in some
species.•Some animals recognize and may strategically manipulate third-party …

The Primate Origins of Human Nature (Volume 3 in The Foundations of Human Biology
series) blends several elements from evolutionary biology as applied to primate behavioral …

Two factors that promote cooperation are partner choice and punishment of defectors, but
which option do people actually prefer to use? Punishment is predicted to be more common …

Cooperation is widespread in nature, occurring in every taxa on Earth. Nevertheless, the
contexts in which cooperation occurs—and the forms it takes—vary widely. In this Review …

Friendship pervades the human social landscape. These bonds are so important that
disrupting them leads to health problems, and difficulties forming or maintaining friendships …

Game theory in biology gained prominence 50 years ago, when Maynard Smith & Price
formulated the concept of an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS). Their aim was to explain …

1University of Maryland* Corresponding author (Email: gcarter@ umd. edu) Citation–Carter,
G.(2014). The reciprocity controversy. Animal Behavior and Cognition, 1 (3), 368-386. doi …