Data assimilation plays a dual role in advancing the “scientific” understanding and serving
as an “engineering tool” for the Earth system sciences. Land data assimilation (LDA) has …

Predictions of floods, droughts, and fast drought‐flood transitions are required at different
time scales to develop management strategies targeted at minimizing negative societal and …

Over the past decades, the scientific community has made significant efforts to simulate
flooding conditions using a variety of complex physically based models. Despite all …

Google's operational flood forecasting system was developed to provide accurate real-time
flood warnings to agencies and the public with a focus on riverine floods in large, gauged …

Despite considerable advances in flood forecasting during recent decades, state-of-the-art,
operational flood early warning systems (FEWS) need to be equipped with near-real-time …

Drought prediction is of critical importance to early warning for drought managements. This
review provides a synthesis of drought prediction based on statistical, dynamical, and hybrid …

Long lead-time streamflow forecasting is of great significance for water resources planning
and management in both the short and long terms. Despite of some studies using machine …

Estimating how much water is flowing through rivers at the global scale is challenging due to
a lack of observations in space and time. A way forward is to optimally combine the global …

Hydroclimatic extremes such as intense rainfall, floods, droughts, heatwaves, and wind or
storms have devastating effects each year. One of the key challenges for society is …

Ensemble forecasting applied to the field of hydrology is currently an established area of
research embracing a broad spectrum of operational situations. This work catalogs the …