The genetically encoded fluorescent sensors convert chemical and physical signals into
light. They are powerful tools for the visualisation of physiological processes in living cells …

Cellular signaling networks are the foundation which determines the fate and function of
cells as they respond to various cues and stimuli. The discovery of fluorescent proteins over …

Intensiometric genetically encoded biosensors, based on allosteric modulation of the
fluorescence of a single fluorescent protein, are powerful tools for enabling imaging of …

Recent advances in fluorescence imaging permit large-scale recording of neural activity and
dynamics of neurochemical release with unprecedented resolution in behaving animals …

Abstract cAMP is a key second messenger that regulates diverse cellular functions including
neural plasticity. However, the spatiotemporal dynamics of intracellular cAMP in intact …

We review the principles of development and deployment of genetically encoded calcium
indicators (GECIs) for the detection of neural activity. Our focus is on the popular GCaMP …

Calcium imaging with protein-based indicators is widely used to follow neural activity in
intact nervous systems. The popular GCaMP indicators are based on the calcium-binding …

Genetically encoded biosensors based on fluorescent proteins (FPs) are a reliable tool for
studying the various biological processes in living systems. The circular permutation of …

The most successful genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) employ an intensity or
ratiometric readout. Despite a large calcium-dependent change in fluorescence intensity, the …

Potassium ion (K+) homeostasis and dynamics play critical roles in biological activities. Here
we describe three genetically encoded K+ indicators. KIRIN1 (potassium (K) i on r atiometric …