Here we review and extend a new unitary model for the pathophysiology of involutional
osteoporosis that identifies estrogen (E) as the key hormone for maintaining bone mass and …

We propose here a new unitary model for the pathophysiology of involutional osteoporosis
that identifies estrogen (E) deficiency as the cause of both the early, accelerated and the …

This second edition of the Bone Mechanics Handbook summarizes the current
understanding of bone mechanics with comprehensive coverage of the histology …

Osteoclasts, the cells that resorb bone, develop from hematopoietic precursors of the bone
marrow under the control of factors produced in their microenvironment. The cytokine …

There is now a large body of evidence suggesting that the decline in ovarian function with
menopause is associated with spontaneous increases in proinflammatory cytokines. The …

Abstract GH and IGF-I are important regulators of bone homeostasis and are central to the
achievement of normal longitudinal bone growth and bone mass. Although GH may act …

Growth Hormone and Bone* | Endocrine Reviews | Oxford Academic Skip to Main Content
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BONE differs from reproductive tissues in that many aspects of skeletal growth, turnover, and
function occur in the absence of gonadal hormones. Nevertheless, sex steroids have an …

Sex steroids are essential for skeletal development and the maintenance of bone health
throughout adult life, and estrogen deficiency at menopause is a major pathogenetic factor …

Osteoblasts are mononucleated cells that are derived from mesenchymal stem cells and that
are responsible for the synthesis and mineralization of bone during initial bone formation …