A large scholarship currently holds that before the onset of anthropogenic global warming,
natural climatic changes long provoked subsistence crises and, occasionally, civilizational …

Volcanic eruptions have long been studied for their wide range of climatic effects. Although
global-scale climatic impacts following the formation of stratospheric sulfate aerosol are well …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

Working Group I (WGI) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assesses
the current evidence on the physical science of climate change, evaluating knowledge …

Multidecadal surface temperature changes may be forced by natural as well as
anthropogenic factors, or arise unforced from the climate system. Distinguishing these …

Abstract The Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) is a growing contributor to global sea-level rise 1,
with recent ice mass loss dominated by surface meltwater runoff 2, 3. Satellite observations …

This review addresses the causes of observed climate variations across the industrial
period, from 1750 to present. It focuses on long-term changes, both in response to external …

The article evaluates recent scholarship on famines in Europe during the medieval and early
modern periods (c. 700–1800), synthesizing the state‐of‐the‐art knowledge and identifying …

Earth system models and various climate proxy sources indicate global warming is
unprecedented during at least the Common Era. However, tree-ring proxies often estimate …

Across the Upper Missouri River Basin, the recent drought of 2000 to 2010, known as the
“turn-of-the-century drought,” was likely more severe than any in the instrumental record …