Biological materials found in Nature such as nacre and bone are well recognized as light‐
weight, strong, and tough structural materials. The remarkable toughness and damage …

Biomimetic material development takes inspiration from biological materials and organisms
that possess extraordinary properties or appearance, such as excellent mechanical strength …

Nacre is generally regarded as tough body armor, but it was often smashed by predators
with a certain striking speed. Nacre-like architectures have been demonstrated to dissipate …

Although biomimetic designs are expected to play a key role in exploring future structural
materials, facile fabrication of bulk biomimetic materials under ambient conditions remains a …

Natural structural materials are built at ambient temperature from a fairly limited selection of
components. They usually comprise hard and soft phases arranged in complex hierarchical …

Stronger, tougher, and lighter materials are always among the relentless pursuits of material
scientists and engineers. The hierarchical design inspired by nature has been considered …

Hard biological materials—for example, seashells, bone or wood—fulfil critical structural
functions and display unique and attractive combinations of stiffness, strength and …

Eight structural elements in biological materials are identified as the most common amongst
a variety of animal taxa. These are proposed as a new paradigm in the field of biological …

Biological materials have robust hierarchical structures capable of specialized functions and
the incorporation of natural biologically active components, which have been finely tuned …

Designing and manufacturing multi-functional, lightweight and high-performance body
armour materials and assemblies have attracted intense attention recently due to fast …