Background: Over the past twenty years explicit gender bias toward women in surgery has
been replaced by more subtle barriers, which represent indirect forms of discrimination and …

Importance Diversity in academic surgery is lacking, particularly among positions of
leadership. Objective To evaluate trends among racial/ethnical minority groups stratified by …

Objective Recent initiatives have emphasized the importance of diversity, equity, and
inclusion in academic surgery. Racial/ethnic disparities remain prevalent throughout …

Introduction Efforts have been made to increase the number of women and physicians who
are underrepresented in medicine (UIM). However, surgery has been slow to diversify, and …

The mission statement of the American Board of Surgery (ABS) is as follows: ABS serves the
public and the specialty of surgery by providing leadership in surgical education and …

ABSTRACT Background Non-White and female surgeons are underrepresented in
academic surgery faculty. We hypothesized that the leadership of major US regional and …

Background French medical graduates undertake a national examination at the end of their
studies with a subsequent national ranking. Specialty is then chosen by each candidate …

Background Our aim was to identify gender and racial disparities in presidential leadership
for national medical and surgical organizations. Methods We located publicly sourced …

Background: Lack of female and ethnically underrepresented in medicine (UIM) surgeons
remains concerning in academic plastic surgery. One barrier to inclusion may be unequal …

NEUROSURGEONS have made important contributions to the science and practice of
medicine. 1–7 The research efforts of neurosurgeon-scientists have generated paradigm …