The six-layered neocortex of the mammalian pallium has no clear homolog in birds or non-
avian reptiles. Recent research indicates that although these extant amniotes possess a …

The dramatic evolutionary expansion of the neocortex, together with a proliferation of
specialized cortical areas, is believed to underlie the emergence of human cognitive …

INTRODUCTION For more than a century, the avian forebrain has been a riddle for
neuroscientists. Birds demonstrate exceptional cognitive abilities comparable to those of …

When did the first vertebrates emerge, and how did they differ from their invertebrate
ancestors? When did vertebrates evolve jaws, paired fins, pattern vision, or a neocortex …

The mammalian claustrum, owing to its widespread connectivity with other forebrain
structures, has been hypothesized to mediate functions that range from decision-making to …

With the discovery of the incredible diversity of neurons, Cajal and coworkers laid the
foundation of modern neuroscience. Neuron types are not only structural units of nervous …

The pallium is the largest part of the telencephalon in amniotes, and comparison of its
subdivisions across species has been extremely difficult and controversial due to its high …

Highlights•Neocortex is one of many outcomes of vertebrate dorsal pallium evolution.•
Transcriptomics helps recognize cell-type homologies, novelties and convergence.• …

Humans and other animals share a number sense', an intuitive understanding of countable
quantities. Having evolved independent from one another for hundreds of millions of years …

The nervous system evolved to enable navigation throughout the environment in the pursuit
of resources. Evolutionarily newer structures allowed increasingly complex adaptations but …