The striatum is essential for learning which actions lead to reward and for implementing
those actions. Decades of experimental and theoretical work have led to several influential …

Dopamine-releasing neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) have central roles in
reward-related and goal-directed behaviours. VTA dopamine-releasing neurons are …

Striatal dopamine and acetylcholine are essential for the selection and reinforcement of
motor actions and decision-making. In vitro studies have revealed an intrastriatal circuit in …

Environmental cues, through Pavlovian learning, become conditioned stimuli that guide
animals toward the acquisition of rewards (for example, food) that are necessary for survival …

The human brain contains approximately 60 billion cerebellar granule cells, which
outnumber all other brain neurons combined. Classical theories posit that a large, diverse …

Dopamine (DA) neurons in the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) integrate complex
inputs to encode multiple signals that influence motivated behaviors via diverse projections …

Both the cerebellum and the basal ganglia are known for their roles in motor control and
motivated behavior. These two systems have been classically considered as independent …

Wireless deep brain stimulation of well-defined neuronal populations could facilitate the
study of intact brain circuits and the treatment of neurological disorders. Here, we …

Addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder characterized by the loss of control over drug
intake, high motivation to obtain the drug, and a persistent craving for the drug …

Music is used to regulate mood and arousal in everyday life and to promote physical and
psychological health and well-being in clinical settings. However, scientific inquiry into the …