Significant progress in the development of micro and nanoscale devices has been observed
for the past three decades. The thermal transportation in these small-length scales varies …

Lyophilization also known as freeze-drying is a technique that has been employed to
enhance the long-term durability of nanoparticles (NPs) that are utilized for drug delivery …

Bacteriophages as promising natural antibacterial additives are widely used in food
processing and storage. Although freeze-drying is an economical and efficient way to …

Graphene membranes act as temperature sensors in nanoelectromechanical devices due to
their excellent thermal and high-temperature resistance properties. Experimentally, reports …

The measurement of product temperature is one of the methods that can be adopted,
especially in the pharmaceutical industry, to monitor the freeze-drying process and to obtain …

A high-resolution infrared (IR) camera was used for temperature measurements in a
pharmaceutical formulation (mannitol/sucrose solution, 4: 1%, m/m) during a freeze-drying …

Freeze-drying is used to prolong the shelf life of pharmaceutical formulations stored in vials.
To achieve this, formulations are first frozen and then dried, yielding a porous product that …

Microwaves, a category of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiations with a frequency range of
300 MHz to 300 GHz, are increasingly utilized to process food and agricultural products both …

Freeze-drying has been widely adopted in the manufacturing of biologics for producing
vaccines and protein-based therapeutics that are highly unstable in liquid form. Radio …

Quality control is of critical importance in manufacturing of lyophilized drug product, which is
accomplished by monitoring the process parameters. The residual gas analyzer has …