BACKGROUND The essential amino acid tryptophan is a substrate for the generation of
several bioactive compounds with important physiological roles. Only a small fraction of …

Many human diseases, including metabolic, immune and central nervous system disorders,
as well as cancer, are the consequence of an alteration in lipid metabolic enzymes and their …

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) activation by tryptophan (Trp) catabolites enhances tumor
malignancy and suppresses anti-tumor immunity. The context specificity of AHR target …

Among cells present in the tumor microenvironment, activated fibroblasts termed cancer-
associated fibroblasts (CAFs), play a critical role in the complex process of tumor-stroma …

Renal cell carcinoma is the third type of urologic cancer and has a poor prognosis with 30%
of metastatic patients at diagnosis. The antiangiogenics and targeted immunotherapies led …

Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) is the first and rate limiting catabolic enzyme in the
degradation pathway of the essential amino acid tryptophan. By cleaving the aromatic indole …

Tumor cells escape the immune surveillance system of the host through a process called
immune tolerance. Immunotherapy targets molecules that serve as checks and balances in …

Tumor cells exist in close proximity with non-malignant cells. Extensive and multilayered
crosstalk between tumor cells and stromal cells tailors the tumor microenvironment (TME) to …

Abstract Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO, also referred to as IDO1) has been
demonstrated to be a normal endogenous mechanism of acquired peripheral immune …

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a transcriptional factor that regulates multiple
functions following its activation by a variety of ligands, including xenobiotics, natural …