The Ras/Raf/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway plays a crucial
role in almost all cell functions and therefore requires exquisite control of its spatiotemporal …

Ionizing radiation (IR) is an important cancer treatment approach. However, radioresistance
eventually occurs, resulting in poor outcomes in patients with cancer. Radioresistance is …

The transport of calcium ions (Ca 2+) to the cytosol is essential for immunoreceptor
signaling, regulating lymphocyte differentiation, activation, and effector function. Increases in …

Nuclear receptor (NR) subfamily 4 group A (NR4A) is a family of three highly homologous
orphan nuclear receptors that have multiple physiological and pathological roles, including …

In immune cells, the positive role of the extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK)
signaling pathway in cell cycle progression and survival is well established; however, it is …

Macrophages are essential components of innate immunity, and apoptosis of these cells
impairs mucosal defense to microbes. Helicobacter pylori is a gastric pathogen that infects …

Leukocytes are professionals in recognizing and removing pathogenic or unwanted
material. They are present in virtually all tissues, and highly motile to enter or leave specific …

Abstract The RAF‐MEK‐ERK signalling pathway controls fundamental, often opposing
cellular processes such as proliferation and apoptosis. Signal duration has been identified …

Despite significant advances in develo** selective JAK2 inhibitors, JAK2 kinase inhibitor
(TKI) therapy is ineffective in suppressing the disease. Reactivation of compensatory MEK …

Background Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) can cause diverse T cell dysfunctions in
patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is involved in the regulation of microRNAs …