The immune system recognizes and is poised to eliminate cancer but is held in check by
inhibitory receptors and ligands. These immune checkpoint pathways, which normally …

The upregulation of immune checkpoint molecules, such as programmed cell death protein
1 (PD1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4), on immune cells occurs during acute …

Pathways in the B7: CD28 family of costimulatory molecules regulate T cell activation and
tolerance. B7-dependent responses in Cd28−/− Ctla4−/− T cells together with reports of …

Recent studies show that cancer cells are sometimes able to evade the host immunity in the
tumor microenvironment. Cancer cells can express high levels of immune inhibitory …

To study the cis-and trans-acting factors that mediate programmed death 1 (PD-1) signaling
in primary human CD4 T cells, we constructed a chimeric molecule consisting of the murine …

Co-signalling molecules are cell-surface glycoproteins that can direct, modulate and fine-
tune T-cell receptor (TCR) signals. On the basis of their functional outcome, co-signalling …

Dysfunctional T cells can render the immune system unable to eliminate infections and
cancer. Therapeutic targeting of the surface receptors that inhibit T cell function has begun to …

Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) blockade targeting the PD-1 immune checkpoint
has demonstrated unprecedented clinical efficacy in the treatment of advanced cancers …

Contemporary approaches for vaccination and immunotherapy are often capable of eliciting
strong T-cell responses against tumor antigens. However, such responses are not parallel to …

The immune suppressive molecule programmed death-1 (PD-1) is upregulated in activated
T lymphocytes and inhibits T-cell function upon binding to its ligands B7-H1 (PD-L1, CD274) …