Purpose Despite extensive research, mechanisms regulating postnatal eye growth and
those responsible for ametropias are poorly understood. With the marked recent increases …

Mammalian circadian rhythms are controlled by endogenous biological oscillators, including
a master clock located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). Since the period …

The pacemaker role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in a mammalian circadian system was
tested by neural transplantation by using a mutant strain of hamster that shows a short …

The mouse Clock gene encodes a bHLH-PAS protein that regulates circadian rhythms and
is related to transcription factors that act as heterodimers. Potential partners of CLOCK were …

The organization of biological activities into daily cycles is universal in organisms as diverse
as cyanobacteria, fungi, algae, plants, flies, birds and man. Comparisons of circadian clocks …

Currently, in developed countries, nights are excessively illuminated (light at night), whereas
daytime is mainly spent indoors, and thus people are exposed to much lower light intensities …

This review summarizes the experimental evidence in support of dopamine's role as a
chemical messenger for light adaptation. Dopamine is released by a unique set of amacrine …

Circadian clocks are widely distributed in mammalian tissues, but little is known about the
physiological functions of clocks outside the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the brain. The retina …

Melatonin and melatonin isomers exist and/or coexist in living organisms including yeasts,
bacteria and plants. The levels of melatonin isomers are significantly higher than that of …

Melatonin is an important player in the regulation of many physiological functions within the
body and in the retina. Melatonin synthesis in the retina primarily occurs during the night and …