Pathogen-or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) are detected as
nonself by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and activate pattern-triggered immunity …

Pathogenicity of most Gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacteria depends on the type III
secretion (T3S) system, which translocates bacterial effector proteins into plant cells. Type III …

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is widely used as a versatile tool for development of stably
transformed model plants and crops. However, the development of Agrobacterium based …

The intrinsically disordered region (IDR) is a preserved signature of phytobacterial type III
effectors (T3Es). The T3E IDR is thought to mediate unfolding during translocation into the …

Abstract Phospholipase Ds (PLDs) and PLD-derived phosphatidic acids (PAs) play vital
roles in plant hormonal and environmental responses and various cellular dynamics. Recent …

Plants face several challenges by bacterial, fungal, oomycete, and viral pathogens during
their life cycle. In order to defend against these biotic stresses, plants possess a dynamic …

Membrane trafficking pathways play a prominent role in plant immunity. The endomembrane
transport system coordinates membrane-bound cellular organelles to ensure that …

Plants are constantly exposed to a large and diverse array of microbes; however, most
plants are immune to the majority of potential invaders and susceptible to only a small …

Seed germination and innate immunity both have significant effects on plant life spans
because they control the plant's entry into the ecosystem and provide defenses against …

Conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) are sensed by pattern
recognition receptors (PRRs) on cells of plants and animals. MAMP perception typically …