Manipulation and navigation of micro and nanoswimmers in different fluid environments can
be achieved by chemicals, external fields, or even motile cells. Many researchers have …

Abstract Micro‐/nanorobots (m‐bots) have attracted significant interest due to their suitability
for applications in biomedical engineering and environmental remediation. Particularly, their …

The functionalities of the untethered miniature swimming robots significantly decrease as the
robot size becomes smaller, due to limitations of feasible miniaturized on-board …

Biological organisms achieve robust high-level behaviours by combining and coordinating
stochastic low-level components,–. By contrast, most current robotic systems comprise either …

Untethered robots miniaturized to the length scale of millimeter and below attract growing
attention for the prospect of transforming many aspects of health care and bioengineering …

Inspired by the swimming of natural microorganisms, synthetic micro‐/nanomachines, which
convert energy into movement, are able to mimic the function of these amazing natural …

Inspired by highly efficient natural motors, synthetic micro/nanomotors are self-propelled
machines capable of converting the supplied fuel into mechanical motion. A significant …

Artificial nano/microscale machines hold great promise for diverse future biomedical
applications. This Perspective summarizes recent advances in microscale motors, as …

Microrobots have received extensive attention in the past few decades, and the in-depth
research of micro-nano processing technology and micro-nano materials has promoted the …

Medical microrobots are being widely studied for specific applications, such as targeted drug
delivery, biopsy, hyperthermia, radioactive therapy, scaffolding, in-vivo ablation, stenting …