Recent advances in studies of immune memory in mice and humans have reinforced the
concept that memory B cells play a critical role in protection against repeated infections …

Gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) are the key antigen sampling and adaptive immune
inductive sites within the intestinal wall. Human GALT includes the multi-follicular Peyer's …

The revolution in microbiota research over the past decade has provided invaluable
knowledge about the function of the microbial species that inhabit the human body. It has …

Secretory IgA has long been a divisive molecule. Some immunologists point to the mild
phenotype of IgA deficiency to justify ignoring it, while some consider its abundance and …

Neonates are born with an immature immune system and rely on the transfer of immunity
from their mothers. Maternal antibodies are transferred via the placenta and breast milk …

The gut microbiota modulates immune processes both locally and systemically. This
includes whether and how the immune system reacts to emerging tumours, whether …

The composition of the intestinal microbiota varies among individuals and throughout
development, and is dependent on host and environmental factors. However, although the …

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the most abundant antibody isotype in the mucosal immune
system. Structurally, IgA in the mucosal surface is a polymeric structure, while serum IgA is …

The success of vaccines is dependent on the generation and maintenance of immunological
memory. The immune system can remember previously encountered pathogens, and …

In the mucosa, the immune system's T cells and B cells have position-specific phenotypes
and functions that are influenced by the microbiota. These cells play pivotal parts in the …