BACKGROUND Although thermal expansion of seawater and melting of mountain glaciers
have dominated global mean sea level (GMSL) rise over the last century, mass loss from the …

Ice sheets are expected to shrink in size as the world warms, which in turn will raise sea
level. The West Antarctic ice sheet is of particular concern, because it was probably much …

Climate tip** points occur when change in a part of the climate system becomes self-
perpetuating beyond a warming threshold, leading to substantial Earth system impacts …

We explore the risk that self-reinforcing feedbacks could push the Earth System toward a
planetary threshold that, if crossed, could prevent stabilization of the climate at intermediate …

There exists a range of subsystems in the climate system exhibiting threshold behaviour
which could be triggered under global warming within this century resulting in severe …

The major cause of sea-level change during ice ages is the exchange of water between ice
and ocean and the planet's dynamic response to the changing surface load. Inversion of∼ …

Polar temperatures over the last several million years have, at times, been slightly warmer
than today, yet global mean sea level has been 6–9 metres higher as recently as the Last …

Atmospheric warming is projected to increase global mean surface temperatures by 0.3 to
4.8 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial values by the end of this century. If anthropogenic …

Geological data indicate that global mean sea level has fluctuated on 10 3 to 10 6 yr time
scales during the last∼ 25 million years, at times reaching 20 m or more above modern. If …

Earth's climate underwent a fundamental change between 1250 and 700 thousand years
ago, the mid-Pleistocene transition (MPT), when the dominant periodicity of climate cycles …