BACKGROUND Although thermal expansion of seawater and melting of mountain glaciers
have dominated global mean sea level (GMSL) rise over the last century, mass loss from the …

Constraining how much and how fast the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) will change in the
coming decades has recently been identified as the highest priority in Antarctic research …

Climate tip** points occur when change in a part of the climate system becomes self-
perpetuating beyond a warming threshold, leading to substantial Earth system impacts …

We explore the risk that self-reinforcing feedbacks could push the Earth System toward a
planetary threshold that, if crossed, could prevent stabilization of the climate at intermediate …

There exists a range of subsystems in the climate system exhibiting threshold behaviour
which could be triggered under global warming within this century resulting in severe …

The major cause of sea-level change during ice ages is the exchange of water between ice
and ocean and the planet's dynamic response to the changing surface load. Inversion of∼ …

Polar temperatures over the last several million years have, at times, been slightly warmer
than today, yet global mean sea level has been 6–9 metres higher as recently as the Last …

More than half of Earth's freshwater resources are held by the Antarctic Ice Sheet, which thus
represents by far the largest potential source for global sea-level rise under future warming …

Abstract The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) represents the world's largest ocean-
current system and affects global ocean circulation, climate and Antarctic ice-sheet stability …

Atmospheric warming is projected to increase global mean surface temperatures by 0.3 to
4.8 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial values by the end of this century. If anthropogenic …