Inflammation is a fundamental defensive response to harmful stimuli, but the overactivation
of inflammatory responses is associated with most human diseases. Reactive oxygen …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health concern, underscoring a need to
identify pathogenic mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Reactive oxygen species …

The heme oxygenase (HO) enzyme system catabolizes heme to carbon monoxide (CO),
ferrous iron, and biliverdin-IXα (BV), which is reduced to bilirubin-IXα (BR) by biliverdin …

Bilirubin has several physiological functions, both beneficial and harmful. In addition to
reactive oxygen species-scavenging activities, bilirubin has potent immunosuppressive …

Glutathione (GSH) is a ubiquitous tripeptide that is biosynthesized in situ at high
concentrations (1–5 mM) and involved in the regulation of cellular homeostasis via multiple …

Abstract Haem oxygenase 1 (HO-1), an inducible enzyme responsible for the breakdown of
haem, is primarily considered an antioxidant, and has long been overlooked by …

Heme-oxygenase is the enzyme responsible for degradation of endogenous iron
protoporphyirin heme; it catalyzes the reaction's rate-limiting step, resulting in the release of …

Abstract Systems medicine has a mechanism-based rather than a symptom-or organ-based
approach to disease and identifies therapeutic targets in a nonhypothesis-driven manner. In …

Wound healing is a recovering process of damaged tissues by replacing dysfunctional
injured cellular structures. Natural compounds for wound treatment have been widely used …

Ischemic disorders, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease,
are the most common causes of debilitating disease and death in westernized cultures. The …