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Organisms of all domains of life use photoreceptor proteins to sense and respond to light.
The light-sensitivity of photoreceptor proteins arises from bound chromophores such as …

When Szent-Györgyi called water the “matrix of life”, 1 he was echoing an old sentiment.
Paracelsus in the 16th century said that “water was the matrix of the world and of all its …

The atomic structure of the light-driven ion pump bacteriorhodopsin and the surrounding
lipid matrix was determined by X-ray diffraction of crystals grown in cubic lipid phase. In the …

In the last decade, ab initio simulations and especially Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics
have significantly contributed to the improvement of our understanding of both the physical …

Infrared difference spectroscopy probes vibrational changes of proteins upon their
perturbation. Compared with other spectroscopic methods, it stands out by its sensitivity to …

▪ Abstract Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy, solid-state NMR, and X-ray
crystallography have contributed detailed information about the structural changes in the …

▪ Abstract Bacteriorhodopsin is the best understood ion transport protein and has become a
paradigm for membrane proteins in general and transporters in particular. Models up to 2.5 …

Much progress has been made in our understanding of water molecule reactions on
surfaces, proton solvation in gas-phase water clusters, and proton transfer through liquids …

Proton transfer and transport in water, gramicidin and some selected channels and
bioenergetic proteins are reviewed. An attempt is made to draw some conclusions about …