Secondary batteries have received huge attention due to their attractive features in
applications of large-scale energy storage and portable electronic devices, as well as …

1.1. Energy Reality and Increasing Renewable Penetration The current worldwide electric
generation capacity is estimated to be about 20 terawatt hours (TW, x 1012 watts). 1 …

A family of hybrid inorganic-organic ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) is prepared, indicated
as [Nafion/(WO 3) x]. The IEMs consist of Nafion® dispersing different loadings (x) of …

In this study, a series of the commercial Nafion membranes (equivalent weight of 1100 g
mol− 1) with thickness of 50 μm (Nafion 112), 88 μm (Nafion 1135), 125 μm (Nafion 115) …

Over the past three decades, intensive research activities have focused on the development
of electrochemical energy storage devices, particularly exploiting the concept of flow …

Redox flow batteries, which have been developed over the last 40 years, are used to store
energy on the medium to large scale, particularly in applications such as load levelling …

There is an ever‐growing demand for rechargeable batteries with reversible and efficient
electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Rechargeable batteries cover applications …

The vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) has received wide attention due to its attractive
features for large scale energy storage. The key material of a VRB is an ion exchange …

Fluoropolymers usually have high mechanical strength and excellent chemical stability and
thus have been employed for the last several decades as materials for membrane …

The all‐vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is emerging as a promising technology for large‐
scale energy storage systems due to its scalability and flexibility, high round‐trip efficiency …