Recent wildfire outbreaks around the world have prompted concern that climate change is
increasing fire incidence, threatening human livelihood and biodiversity, and perpetuating …

We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of
atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes …

In recent decades, the warming in the Arctic has been much faster than in the rest of the
world, a phenomenon known as Arctic amplification. Numerous studies report that the Arctic …

This chapter assesses simulations of future global climate change, spanning time horizons
from the near term (2021–2040), mid-term (2041–2060), and long term (2081–2100) out to …

It is unequivocal that the increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4)
and nitrous oxide (N2O) since the pre-industrial period are caused by human activities. The …

Flash droughts have occurred frequently worldwide, with a rapid onset that challenges
drought monitoring and forecasting capabilities. However, there is no consensus on whether …

The hydrological cycle is expected to intensify with global warming, which likely increases
the intensity of extreme precipitation events and the risk of flooding. The changes, however …

We present new global maps of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification at an
unprecedented 1-km resolution for the present-day (1980–2016) and for projected future …

Soil salinization has become one of the major environmental and socioeconomic issues
globally and this is expected to be exacerbated further with projected climatic change …

Terrestrial water storage (TWS) modulates the hydrological cycle and is a key determinant of
water availability and an indicator of drought. While historical TWS variations have been …