The role of microbiota in health and diseases is being highlighted by numerous studies
since its discovery. Depending on the localized regions, microbiota can be classified into …

Tumour-associated macrophages are an essential component of the tumour
microenvironment and have a role in the orchestration of angiogenesis, extracellular matrix …

Unprecedented advances have been made in cancer treatment with the use of immune
checkpoint blockade (ICB). However, responses are limited to a subset of patients, and …

Immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) has dramatically altered clinical outcomes for cancer
patients and conferred durable clinical benefits, including cure in a subset of patients …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have made an indelible mark in the field of cancer
immunotherapy. Starting with the approval of anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein …

Tumor-resident intracellular microbiota is an emerging tumor component that has been
documented for a variety of cancer types with unclear biological functions. Here, we …

Strategies to therapeutically target the tumor microenvironment (TME) have emerged as a
promising approach for cancer treatment in recent years due to the critical roles of the TME …

The gut microbiome has been shown to influence the response of tumors to anti–PD-1
(programmed cell death–1) immunotherapy in preclinical mouse models and observational …

The interplay between the commensal microbiota and the mammalian immune system
development and function includes multifold interactions in homeostasis and disease. The …

BACKGROUND Historical accounts linking cancer and microbes date as early as four
millennia ago. After establishment of the germ theory of infectious diseases, clinical research …