Rewards are crucial objects that induce learning, approach behavior, choices, and
emotions. Whereas emotions are difficult to investigate in animals, the learning function is …

A large body of work has linked dopaminergic signaling to learning and reward processing.
It stresses the role of dopamine in reward prediction error signaling, a key neural signal that …

Optogenetic studies in mice have revealed new relationships between well-defined neurons
and brain functions. However, there are currently no means to achieve the same cell-type …

Medium spiny neurons (MSNs) constitute the vast majority of striatal neurons and the
principal interface between dopamine reward signals and functionally diverse cortico-basal …

The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is implicated in psychiatric disorders that feature impaired
sensitivity to reward amount, impulsivity when facing reward delays, and risk-seeking when …

Decision-making is always coupled with some level of risk, with more pathological forms of
risk-taking decisions manifesting as gambling disorders. In macaque monkeys trained in a …

Monkeys and other animals appear to share with humans two risk attitudes predicted by
prospect theory: an inverse-S-shaped probability-weighting (PW) function and a steeper …

Summary In 1979, Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky published a ground-breaking paper
titled" Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk," which presented a behavioral …

The experimental investigation of decision-making in humans relies on two distinct types of
paradigms, involving either description-or experience-based choices. In description-based …

In humans, risk attitude is highly context-dependent, varying with wealth levels or for
different potential outcomes, such as gains or losses. These behavioral effects have been …