In concert with neuropeptides and transmitters, the end products of the hypothalamus-
pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the glucocorticoid hormones cortisol and corticosterone …

The brain is the central organ involved in perceiving and adapting to social and physical
stressors via multiple interacting mediators, from the cell surface to the cytoskeleton to …

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occurs in 5–10% of the population and is twice as
common in women as in men. Although trauma exposure is the precipitating event for PTSD …

Although the etiology and expression of psychiatric disorders are complex, mammals show
biologically preserved behavioral and neurobiological responses to valent stimuli which …

The molecular pathology of stress-related disorders remains elusive. Our brain multiregion,
multiomic study of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder …

A great deal of research aims to identify risk factors related to individual vulnerability to
develop stress-induced psychopathologies. Here, we summarize evidence that point at …

Recent years have seen increased interest in psychopathologies related to trauma
exposure. Specifically, there has been a growing awareness to posttraumatic stress disorder …

All individuals experience stressful life events, and up to 84% of the general population will
experience at least one potentially traumatic event. In some cases, acute or chronic …

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can develop following severe trauma, but the extent to
which genetic and environmental risk factors contribute to individual clinical outcomes is …

The question of whether and how the effects of cultural trauma can be transmitted
intergenerationally from parents to offspring, or even to later generations, has evoked …