Compared with traditional exercise tests, cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) provides
a thorough assessment of exercise integrative physiology involving the pulmonary …

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing allows the assessment of the integrative cardiopulmonary
response to exercise and is a useful tool to assess the underlying pathophysiologic …

Increased pulmonary venous pressure secondary to left heart disease is the most common
cause of pulmonary hypertension (PH). The diagnosis of PH due to left heart disease relies …

The lungs and heart are irrevocably linked in their oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
transport functions. Functional impairment of the lungs often affects heart function and vice …

Background Risk stratification is central to the management of pulmonary arterial
hypertension (PAH). For this purpose, multiparametric tools have been developed, including …

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is a frequently used tool in the differential
diagnosis of dyspnoea. Ventilatory inefficiency, defined as high minute ventilation (V′ E) …

Increased ventilation relative to metabolic demands, indicating alveolar hyperventilation
and/or increased physiological dead space (excess ventilation), is a key cause of exertional …

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a chronic disease with poor prognosis and
important exercise limitation despite the proliferation of treatment options in the last decade …

Background Excessive exercise-induced hyperventilation and high prevalence of exercise
oscillatory breathing (EOB) are present in patients with post-capillary pulmonary …

Background Functional cerebrovascular regulatory mechanisms are important for
maintaining constant cerebral blood flow and oxygen supply in heathy individuals and are …