The year 2015 was special for climate scientists, particularly for the El Niño Southern
Oscillation (ENSO) research community, as a major El Niño finally materialized after a long …

The evolution of ocean temperature measurement systems is presented with a focus on the
development and accuracy of two critical devices in use today (expendable …

We document the configuration and emergent simulation features from the Geophysical
Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) OM4. 0 ocean/sea ice model. OM4 serves as the …

El Niño and the Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a naturally occurring fluctuation of the
climate system that is generated in the tropical Pacific through interactions between the …

Abstract The Climate Prediction Center (CPC) morphing technique (CMORPH) satellite
precipitation estimates are reprocessed and bias corrected on an 8 km× 8 km grid over the …

We highlight improvements to the International Comprehensive Ocean‐Atmosphere Data
Set (ICOADS) in the latest Release 3.0 (R3. 0; covering 1662–2014). ICOADS is the most …

The NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) was completed for the 31-yr period
from 1979 to 2009, in January 2010. The CFSR was designed and executed as a global …

Turbulent and radiative exchanges of heat between the ocean and atmosphere (hereafter
heat fluxes), ocean surface wind stress, and state variables used to estimate them, are …

Extensive research has improved our understanding and forecast of the occurrence,
evolution and global impacts of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). However, ENSO …

Abstract The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation
Analysis (TMPA) provides a calibration-based sequential scheme for combining …