Kratom (or Ketum) is a psychoactive plant preparation used in Southeast Asia. It is derived
from the plant Mitragyna speciosa Korth. Kratom as well as its main alkaloid, mitragynine …

Scientific interest in “food addiction” continues to grow due both to neurobiological and
behavioral similarities between substance dependence and excessive food consumption …

Where did we come from? What is our connection with other life forms? What are the
mechanisms of mind that define what it means to be a human being? Evolutionary …

Ethanol, a natural by-product of sugar fermentation, can be found in various fruits and
nectar. Although many animals routinely consume ethanol in low concentrations as part of …

Now in its third edition, this textbook serves to frame understandings of health, health-related
behavior, and health care in light of social and health inequality as well as structural …

An important conceptual advance in the past decade has been the understanding that the
process of drug addiction shares striking commonalities with neural plasticity associated …

Most people who are regular consumers of psychoactive drugs are not drug addicts, nor will
they ever become addicts. In neurobiological theories, non-addictive drug consumption is …

Methanol has been historically considered an exogenous product that leads only to
pathological changes in the human body when consumed. However, in normal, healthy …

Recent progress in the field of wildlife disease ecology demonstrates that infectious disease
plays a crucial role in the lives of wild animals. Parasites and pathogens should be …

Paleogenetics is an emerging field that resurrects ancestral proteins from now-extinct
organisms to test, in the laboratory, models of protein function based on natural history and …