The colon mucus layer is organized with an inner colon mucus layer that is impenetrable to
bacteria and an outer mucus layer that is expanded to allow microbiota colonization. A major …

Secretion of cellular components across the plasma membrane is an essential process that
enables organisms to interact with their environments. Production of extracellular vesicles in …

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) play vital roles in bacterial communication both
intraspecifically and interspecifically. However, extracellular mechanisms of gut microbiota …

The intestine is fundamental in controlling human health. Intestinal epithelial and immune
cells are continuously exposed to millions of microbes that greatly impact on intestinal …

Nanosized extracellular vesicles derived from bacteria contain diverse cargo and transfer
intercellular bioactive molecules to cells. Due to their favorable intercellular interactions, cell …

Humans have co-evolved with a dense community of microbial symbionts that inhabit the
lower intestine. In the colon, secreted mucus creates a barrier that separates these …

Gut dysbiosis has been associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), one of the most
common gastrointestinal diseases. The microbial communities play essential roles in host …

Despite the accepted health benefits of consuming dietary fiber, little is known about the
mechanisms by which fiber deprivation impacts the gut microbiota and alters disease risk …

Cells from all three domains of life, Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya, produce extracellular
vesicles (EVs) which are sometimes associated with filamentous structures known as …

Microorganisms colonize various ecological niches in the human habitat, as they do in
nature. Predominant forms of multicellular communities called biofilms colonize human …