Highlights•Protein liquid-liquid phase separation has implications for cellular
signaling.•Multivalent interactions give liquid, non-membrane-contained phase-separated …

Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) consist of an antigen-binding region fused to
intracellular signaling domains, enabling customized T cell responses against targets …

The coding sequences of developmental genes are expected to be deeply conserved, with
cis-regulatory change driving the modulation of gene function. In contrast, proteins with roles …

Understanding the origins of animal multicellularity is a fundamental biological question.
Recent genome data have unravelled the role that co-option of pre-existing genes played in …

Highlights•Structural modeling of a cell is an evolving strategic direction.•Experimental
techniques provide data and validation for the modeling.•Key modeling approaches to …

Robustness is a key system-level property of living organisms to maintain their functions
while tolerating perturbations. We investigate here how a regulatory network controlling …

The extent to which an emerging new function trades off with the original function is a key
characteristic of the dynamics of enzyme evolution. Various cases of laboratory evolution …

Dynamic molecular clusters are assembled through weak multivalent interactions and are
platforms for cellular functions, especially receptor-mediated signaling. Clustering is also a …

Macromolecular assemblies such as protein complexes and protein/RNA condensates are
involved in most fundamental cellular processes. The arrangement of subunits within these …

The coding sequences of developmental genes are expected to be conserved over deep
time, with cis-regulatory change driving the modulation of gene function. In contrast, proteins …