Leishmania is an obligate intracellular pathogen that invades phagocytic host cells.
Approximately 30 different species of Phlebotomine sand flies can transmit this parasite …

RNA medicines represent a paradigm shift in treatment and prevention of critical diseases of
global significance, eg, infectious diseases. The highly successful messenger RNA (mRNA) …

Human Parasitology, Fifth Edition emphasizes a medical perspective that also incorporates
functional morphology, physiology, biochemistry and immunology to enhance appreciation …

Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi are the causative agents of leishmaniasis and
Chagas disease, respectively, two neglected tropical diseases that affect about 25 million …

Ticks infest a variety of animal species and transmit pathogens causing disease in both
humans and animals worldwide. Tick–host–pathogen interactions have evolved through …

Antigenic variation enables pathogens to avoid the host immune response by continual
switching of surface proteins. The protozoan blood parasite Trypanosoma brucei causes …

Merging the field of epidemiology with those of evolutionary and behavioural ecology can
generate considerable fundamental knowledge, as well as help to guide public health …

The epithelium represents the first and most extensive line of defence against pathogens,
toxins and pollutant agents in humans. In general, pathogens have developed strategies to …

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are DNA fibers associated with histones, enzymes from
neutrophil granules and anti-microbial peptides. NETs are released in a process …

Effector T cells are critical for clearance of pathogens from sites of infection. Like cytotoxic
CD8+ T cells, CD4+ helper T cells have been shown to deliver effector molecules …