Abstract Based on United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), building sector accounts
for 40% of total energy consumption. In European countries, 36% of total greenhouse gas …

The population explosion continually witnessed in urban areas results in more impenetrable
surfaces like built structures and roads. Rapid urbanization increases air temperature and …

During the last decade, vertical greenery systems are increasing their presence in building
designs, providing several urban ecosystem services. One of them is the potential to provide …

Cities with resilience to climate change appear to be a vision of the future, but are inevitable
to ensure the quality of life for citizens and to avoid an increase in civilian mortality. Urban …

Expansion of modern cities reduces green areas, especially within city centres where the
urban heat island has become a significant problem. In an attempt to increase greenery in …

As buildings consume fossil fuel-based energy, they contribute to greenhouse gas
emissions which raise global temperatures. Buildings will then require more energy for …

Abstract The United Arab Emirates'(UAE) hot climate, coupled with the extreme
demographic and urban growth experienced over the past four decades, has shaped a built …

A growing number of living wall studies in the recent decade indicate the increasing interest
in the environmental benefits of this greening system. Most studies focus on the energy …

Vertical greenery systems (VGS) integrate vegetation into the building facades to reduce
wall surface temperature, thereby reducing building energy consumption. The mechanisms …

The green wall is an engineered technology for stormwater management and climate
change mitigation at the urban level. At the building scale, these energy efficiency measures …