The sustained growth, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells depend upon bidirectional
cell–cell communication within complex tissue environments. Such communication …

Simple Summary Drug resistance remains one of the major problems in cancer therapy and
is responsible for up to 90% of cancer-related deaths. It exists across all types of cancer and …

The mechanism of insulin action is a central theme in biology and medicine. In addition to
the rather rare condition of insulin deficiency caused by autoimmune destruction of …

Nonsense-mediated RNA decay (NMD) is a highly conserved RNA turnover pathway that
selectively degrades RNAs harbouring truncating mutations that prematurely terminate …

PTEN is a phosphatase which metabolises PIP 3, the lipid product of PI 3-Kinase, directly
opposing the activation of the oncogenic PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling network. Accordingly …

Despite development of novel agents targeting oncogenic pathways, matching targeted
therapies to the genetic status of individual tumors is proving to be a daunting task for …

Forkhead box (Fox) proteins are a superfamily of evolutionarily conserved transcriptional
regulators, which control a wide spectrum of biological processes. As a consequence, a loss …

Since its discovery as the elusive tumor suppressor gene at the frequently mutated 10q23
locus, PTEN has been identified as lost or mutated in several sporadic and heritable tumor …

Angiogenesis is essential for tumor growth, metastasis, arteriosclerosis as well as embryonic
development and wound healing. Its process is dependent on cell proliferation, migration …

There have long been indications of a role for PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) in cancer
pathogenesis. Experimental data document a requirement for deregulation of both …