Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating disease caused by degeneration of
motor neurons. As with all major neurodegenerative disorders, development of disease …

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles with multiple functions. They participate in necrotic cell
death and programmed apoptotic, and are crucial for cell metabolism and survival …

Microglia activation is observed in various neurodegenerative diseases. Recent advances in
single-cell technologies have revealed that these reactive microglia were with high spatial …

In total, twenty elements appear to be essential for the correct functioning of the human
body, half of which are metals and half are non-metals. Among those metals that are …

As an essential micronutrient, copper is required for a wide range of physiological processes
in virtually all cell types. Because the accumulation of intracellular copper can induce …

Recent advances in sequencing technologies and collaborative efforts have led to
substantial progress in identifying the genetic causes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) …

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is vital for maintaining brain homeostasis by enabling an
exquisite control of exchange of compounds between the blood and the brain parenchyma …

Mitochondria play key roles in bioenergetics, metabolism, and signaling; therefore, stable
mitochondrial function is essential for cell survival, particularly in energy-intensive neuronal …

Glutamate is the most commonly engaged neurotransmitter in the mammalian central
nervous system, acting to mediate excitatory neurotransmission. However, high levels of …

Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) acting as the
first line of defense in the brain by phagocytosing harmful pathogens and cellular debris …