The origin of life is a fascinating, unresolved problem whose deciphering would have
important scientific, epistemological and social implications. Over time, philosophers and …

The amino acid sequence of a protein affects both its structure and its function. Thus, the
ability to modify the sequence, and hence the structure and activity, of individual proteins in …

▪ Abstract RNA viruses exploit all known mechanisms of genetic variation to ensure their
survival. Distinctive features of RNA virus replication include high mutation rates, high yields …

Cartesian Genetic Programming (CGP) is a well-known form of Genetic Programming
developed by Julian Miller in 1999-2000. In its classic form, it uses a very simple integer …

Genotype–phenotype relationships are notoriously complicated. Idiosyncratic interactions
between specific combinations of mutations occur and are difficult to predict. Yet it is …

RNA viruses face dynamic environments and are masters at adaptation. During their
short'lifespans', they must surmount multiple physical, anatomical and immunological …

▪ Abstract In vitro selection allows rare functional RNA or DNA molecules to be isolated from
pools of over 1015 different sequences. This approach has been used to identify RNA and …

Living things are unimaginably complex, yet they have withstood a withering assault of
harmful influences over several billion years. These influences include cataclysmic changes …

A comprehensive introduction to new approaches in artificial intelligence and robotics that
are inspired by self-organizing biological processes and structures. New approaches to …

From the late 1980s onward, the term “bioinformatics” mostly has been used to refer to
computational methods for comparative analysis of genome data. However, the term was …