The bottom-up assembly of biological and chemical components opens exciting
opportunities to engineer artificial vesicular systems for applications with previously unmet …

Microbial rhodopsins are diverse photoreceptive proteins containing a retinal chromophore
and are found in all domains of cellular life and are even encoded in genomes of viruses …

Optogenetic actuators enable highly precise spatiotemporal interrogation of biological
processes at levels ranging from the subcellular to cells, circuits and behaving organisms …

Infrared difference spectroscopy probes vibrational changes of proteins upon their
perturbation. Compared with other spectroscopic methods, it stands out by its sensitivity to …

Many organisms capture or sense sunlight using rhodopsin pigments,, which are integral
membrane proteins that bind retinal chromophores. Rhodopsins comprise two distinct …

Light-driven sodium pumps actively transport small cations across cellular membranes.
These pumps are used by microorganisms to convert light into membrane potential and …

Optogenetic modulation of brain neural activity that combines optical and electrical modes in
a unitary neural system has recently gained robust momentum. Controlling illumination …

Rhodopsins are photoreceptive membrane proteins consisting of a common heptahelical
transmembrane architecture that contains a retinal chromophore. Rhodopsin was first …

Many organisms sense light using rhodopsins, photoreceptive proteins containing a retinal
chromophore. Here we report the discovery, structure and biophysical characterization of …

Optogenetics is an elegant approach of precisely controlling and monitoring the biological
functions of a cell, group of cells, tissues, or organs with high temporal and spatial resolution …