The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract harbors diverse microbial communities collectively
known as the gut microbiota that exert a profound impact on human health and disease. The …

Sialic acids are nine-carbon sugars that frequently cap glycans at the cell surface in cells of
vertebrates as well as cells of certain types of invertebrates and bacteria. The nine-carbon …

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) from the H5N1 2.3. 4.4 b clade are circulating in dairy farms in the
USA.; ruminants were presumed not to be hosts for IAVs. Previously, IAV-positive …

Secondary bacterial infections enhance the disease burden of influenza infections
substantially. Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) plays a major role in the …

African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the cause of African swine fever (ASF), a devastating
disease that affects domestic pigs and wild boar and is currently responsible for the largest …

The transmission of viruses from animal reservoirs to humans poses major threats to public
health. Preparedness for future zoonotic outbreaks requires a fundamental understanding of …

Goblet cells are specialized epithelial cells that are essential to the formation of the mucus
barriers in the airways and intestines. Armed with an arsenal of defenses, goblet cells can …

One of the forms of aberrant glycosylation in human tumors is the expression of N-
glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). The only known enzyme to biosynthesize Neu5Gc in …

Influenza D virus (IDV) utilizes bovines as a primary reservoir with periodical spillover to
other hosts. We have previously demonstrated that IDV binds both 9-O-acetylated N …

Sialic acid (SA) is a kind of functional monosaccharide which exists widely in edible bird's
nest (EBN), milk, meat, mucous membrane surface, etc. SA is an important functional …