Online assessment is defined as a systematic method of gathering information about a
learner and learning processes to draw inferences about the learner's dispositions. Online …

Background Representational competence is commonly considered a prerequisite for the
acquisition of conceptual knowledge, yet little exploration has been undertaken into the …

Previous studies have shown the important role of different representations in the teaching
and learning of physics. In this study, we used eye tracking to investigate the effect of …

Optics is a core field in the curricula of secondary physics education. In this study, we
present the development and validation of a test instrument in the field of optics, the ray …

This study developed and validated an instrument to investigate senior school students'
understanding of electrostatics and provide a cognitive diagnostic assessment of their …

As distance learning becomes increasingly important and artificial intelligence tools
continue to advance, automated systems for individual learning have attracted significant …

Multiple external representations (MERs) are useful for teaching complex content in science
education. An open question is whether there is an especially effective way to sequence …

Introduction Whereas it is commonly assumed that in learning science, representational
competence is a critical prerequisite for the acquisition of conceptual knowledge …

Vector fields are a highly abstract physical concept that is often taught using visualizations.
Although vector representations are particularly suitable for visualizing quantitative data …

Visual–graphical representations are used to visualise information and are therefore key
components of learning materials. An important type of convention‐based representation in …