The geomagnetic Kp index is one of the most extensively used indices of geomagnetic
activity, both for scientific and operational purposes. This article reviews the properties of the …

Interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) are large-scale heliospheric transients that
originate from the Sun. When an ICME is sufficiently faster than the preceding solar wind, a …

We review comprehensive observations of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave-
driven energetic electron precipitation using data collected by the energetic electron …

The past decade transformed our observational understanding of energetic particle
processes in near‐Earth space. An unprecedented suite of observational systems was in …

Abstract The Electron Loss and Fields Investigation with a Spatio-Temporal Ambiguity-
Resolving option (ELFIN-STAR, or heretoforth simply: ELFIN) mission comprises two …

In this paper we review recent spacecraft observations of oblique whistler-mode waves in
the Earth's inner magnetosphere as well as the various consequences of the presence of …

The flux of relativistic electrons in the Earth's radiation belts is highly variable and can
change by orders of magnitude on timescales of a few hours. Understanding the drivers for …

Electron losses from the outer radiation belt are typically attributed to resonant electron
scattering by whistler‐mode waves. Although the quasi‐linear diffusive regime of such …

Chorus waves are among the most important natural electromagnetic emissions in the
magnetosphere as regards to their potential effects on electron dynamics. They can …

Black swan events are hard-to-predict rare events that can significantly alter the course of
our lives. The Internet has played a key role in hel** us deal with the coronavirus …