Most bacteria attach to biotic or abiotic surfaces and are embedded in a complex matrix
which is known as biofilm. Biofilm formation is especially worrisome in clinical settings as it …

Viral indicators of human-fecal contamination in wastewaters and environmental waters
have been getting much attention in the past decade. Cross-assembly phage (crAssphage) …

Waterborne human enteric viruses, such as noroviruses and adenoviruses, are excreted in
the feces of infected individuals and transmitted via the fecal-oral route including …

The immense global burden of infectious disease outbreaks and the need to establish
prediction and prevention systems have been recognized by the World Health Organization …

Waterborne pathogenic viruses discharged from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) pose
potential public health risks. In the present study, we investigated the relative abundance …

Several recent high profile outbreaks such as SARS, MERS, Ebola and avian influenzas
draw attention to the continued risk of a deadly viral pandemic. In general, these enveloped …

Bacteriophages are an attractive alternative to faecal indicator bacteria (FIB), particularly as
surrogates of enteric virus fate and transport, due to their closer morphological and …

This study was conducted to evaluate the applicability of crAssphage, pepper mild mottle
virus (PMMoV), and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) as indicators of the reduction of human …

The outbreak of coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia challenges the
rapid interrogation of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in …

Inappropriate usage of reclaimed wastewater has caused outbreaks of viral infectious
diseases worldwide. International and domestic guidelines for wastewater reuse stipulate …