We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of
atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes …

Tip** elements are components of the Earth system which may respond nonlinearly to
anthropogenic climate change by transitioning toward substantially different long‐term …

The effect of an increase in atmospheric aerosol concentrations on the distribution and
radiative properties of Earth's clouds is the most uncertain component of the overall global …

Clouds and aerosols continue to contribute the largest uncertainty to estimates and
interpretations of the Earth's changing energy budget. This chapter focuses on process …

Cloud feedback—the change in top‐of‐atmosphere radiative flux resulting from the cloud
response to warming—constitutes by far the largest source of uncertainty in the climate …

Stratocumulus clouds cover 20% of the low-latitude oceans and are especially prevalent in
the subtropics. They cool the Earth by shading large portions of its surface from sunlight …

Abstract The Radiative‐Convective Equilibrium Model Intercomparison Project (RCEMIP) is
an intercomparison of multiple types of numerical models configured in radiative‐convective …

The response to warming of tropical low-level clouds including both marine stratocumulus
and trade cumulus is a major source of uncertainty in projections of future climate. Climate …

The primary objective of CFMIP is to inform future assessments of cloud feedbacks through
improved understanding of cloud–climate feedback mechanisms and better evaluation of …

The eastern boundaries of the tropical and subtropical oceans are regions of high biological
productivity that support some of the world's largest fisheries. They also feature extensive …