Healthy limb joints are important for maintaining health and attaining longevity.
Endochondral ossification (the replacement of cartilage with bone, occurring during skeletal …

Chondrogenesis is a highly coordinated event in embryo development, adult homeostasis,
and repair of the vertebrate cartilage. Fate decisions and differentiation of chondrocytes …

Background and Aims Activation of the antitumor immune response using programmed
death receptor‐1 (PD‐1) blockade showed benefit only in a fraction of patients with …

Human limbs emerge during the fourth post-conception week as mesenchymal buds, which
develop into fully formed limbs over the subsequent months. This process is orchestrated by …

Decades of work have identified the signaling pathways that regulate the differentiation of
chondrocytes during bone formation, from their initial induction from mesenchymal …

The past 15 years have witnessed tremendous progress in the molecular understanding of
osteoblasts, the main bone-forming cells in the vertebrate skeleton. In particular, all of the …

Sox transcription factors play widespread roles during development; however, their versatile
funtions have a relatively simple basis: the binding of a Sox protein alone to DNA does not …

Much of the mammalian skeleton is composed of bones that originate from cartilage
templates through endochondral ossification. Elucidating the mechanisms that control …

Skeletal elements have a diverse range of shapes and sizes specialized to their various
roles including protecting internal organs, locomotion, feeding, hearing, and vocalization …

Non-coding mutations at the far end of a large gene desert surrounding the SOX9 gene
result in a human craniofacial disorder called Pierre Robin sequence (PRS). Leveraging a …