Marine eutrophication, primarily driven by nutrient over input from agricultural runoff,
wastewater discharge, and atmospheric deposition, leads to harmful algal blooms (HABs) …

In this review we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding taxonomy, bloom
dynamics, toxicity, autoecology, and trophic interactions, of saxitoxin producing …

Temperature may affect the production of saxitoxin (STX) and its derivatives (STXs);
however, this is still controversial. Further, STX-biosynthesis gene regulation and the …

Dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum is an important producer of paralytic shellfish toxins
(PSTs), including a novel group of hydroxybenzoate derivatives named GC toxins. In the …

Gymnodinium catenatum is able to produce paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) and was
responsible for a massive bloom in the Taiwan Strait, East China Sea, in June 2017, which …

Toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium spp. produce saxitoxins (STXs), whose biosynthesis
pathway is affected by temperature. However, the link between the regulation of the relevant …

The dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum is considered the primary cause of recurrent
paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in shellfish on the Moroccan Mediterranean coasts. The …

The harmful microalgae Gymnodinium catenatum is a unique naked dinoflagellate that
produces paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (PSTs). This species is common along the …

Electrophysiological techniques, by measuring bioelectrical signals and ion channel
activities in tissues and cells, are now widely utilized to study ion channel-related …

Harmful algae blooms (HABs) are characterized for the coexistence of phytoplankton
species with dynamic and complex biotic interactions (eg, competition, symbiosis, predation …