Addiction is commonly identified with habitual nonmedical self-administration of drugs. It is
usually defined by characteristics of intoxication or by characteristics of withdrawal …

Plaguing humans for more than two millennia, manifest on every continent studied, and with
more than one billion patients having an attack in any year, migraine stands as the sixth …

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is well known for regulating reward consumption, learning,
memory, and addiction behaviors through mediating dopamine (DA) release in downstream …

Central regulation of food intake is a key mechanism contributing to energy homeostasis.
Many neural circuits that are thought to orchestrate feeding behavior overlap with the brain's …

Astrocytes, microglia, and tanycytes play active roles in the regulation of hypothalamic
feeding circuits. These non-neuronal cells are crucial in determining the functional …

Addictive drugs are habit-forming. Addiction is a learned behavior; repeated exposure to
addictive drugs can stamp in learning. Dopamine-depleted or dopamine-deleted animals …

Under normal conditions, food intake and energy expenditure are balanced by a
homeostatic system that maintains stability of body fat content over time. However, this …

Abstract “Food addiction” has become a focus of interest for researchers attempting to
explain certain processes and/or behaviors that may contribute to the development of …

The cloning of leptin in 1994 was an important milestone in obesity research. In those days
obesity was stigmatized as a condition caused by lack of character and self-control …

The global rise in the prevalence of obesity and associated co-morbidities such as type 2
diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer represents a major public health concern. The …