Climate projections suggest–with substantial certainty–that global warming> 1.5° C will
occur by mid-century (2050). Population is also projected to increase, amplifying the …

Climate change is likely to stimulate the development of harmful cyanobacterial blooms in
eutrophic waters, with negative consequences for water quality of many lakes, reservoirs …

Ocean and coastal ecosystems support life on Earth and many aspects of human well-being.
Covering two-thirds of the planet, the ocean hosts vast biodiversity and modulates the global …

The ocean is a key component of the Earth system (Chapter 1) as it provides essential life
supporting services (Inniss et al. 2017). For example, it stores heat trapped in the …

Climate change pressures will influence marine planktonic systems globally, and it is
conceivable that harmful algal blooms may increase in frequency and severity. These …

The prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms that drive the pelagic ocean's
biogeochemical cycles are currently facing an unprecedented set of comprehensive …

Cyanobacteria are the most ancient phytoplankton on the planet and form harmful algal
blooms in freshwater, estuarine, and marine ecosystems. Recent research suggests that …

The oceans take up over 1 million tons of anthropogenic CO2 per hour, increasing dissolved
p CO2 and decreasing seawater pH in a process called ocean acidification (OA). At the …

Although seagrasses and marine macroalgae (macro‐autotrophs) play critical ecological
roles in reef, lagoon, coastal and open‐water ecosystems, their response to ocean …

Ocean ecosystems have responded and will continue to respond to climate changes of
different rates, magnitudes, and durations (virtually certain). Human societies depend on …